While Hawaiʻi's economic reliance on tourism took a major hit during the COVID-19 pandemic, the industry has periodically been punctured by shocks. For example, the 1991 recession, 9/11, the 2001 recession and the Great Recession all led to sharp declines in tourist numbers and spending. A new University of Hawaiʻi Economic Research Organization ( UHERO ) blog and research paper by Assistant Professor Steven Bond-Smith provides insights into how the state can diversify its economy, so when tourism contracts, other sectors expand.

https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2023/07/14/diversifying-hawaii-economy-post-pandemic

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