Corruption has long been a pervasive issue in Philippine governance, characterized by a lack of transparency, limited accountability, and unchecked discretion. Robert Klitgaard's formula for corruption, C=M+D-A (Corruption is Monopoly plus Discretion without Accountability), underscores the importance of systems in addressing this challenge. To combat corruption effectively, it is crucial to shift the focus from individual motivations imputed to politicians to developing robust systems that limit discretion and exact accountability, especially in the use of confidential and intelligence funds (CIFs) by government agencies.
https://opinion.inquirer.net/166068/strengthen-oversight-of-confidential-funds#inquirer